The Effectiveness of University Technology Transfer: Lessons Learned from Qualitative and Quantitative Research in the U.S. and U.K.

In recent years, there have been numerous studies of the effectiveness of university technology transfer. Such technology transfer mechanisms include licensing agreements between the university and private firms, science parks, incubators, and university-based startups. We review and synthesize these papers and present some pointed recommendations on how to enhance effectiveness. Implementation of these recommendations will depend on the mechanisms that universities choose to stress, based on their technology transfer "strategy." For example, institutions that emphasize the entrepreneurial dimension of technology transfer must address skill deficiencies in technology transfer offices, reward systems that are inconsistent with enhanced entrepreneurial activity and the lack of training for faculty members, post-docs, and graduate students in starting new ventures or interacting with entrepreneurs. We conjecture that business schools are best positioned to address these skill and educational deficiencies through the delivery of targeted programs to technology licensing officers and members of the campus community wishing to launch startup firms.

Analyzing the Effectiveness of University Technology Transfer: Implications for Entrepreneurship Education

We review and synthesize the burgeoning literature on institutions and agents engaged in the commercialization of university-based intellectual property. These studies indicate that institutional incentives and organizational practices both play an important role in enhancing the effectiveness of technology transfer. We conclude that university technology transfer should be considered from a strategic perspective. Institutions that choose to stress the entrepreneurial dimension of technology transfer need to address skill deficiencies in technology transfer offices (TTOs), reward systems that are inconsistent with enhanced entrepreneurial activity, and education/training for faculty members, post-docs, and graduate students relating to interactions with entrepreneurs. Business schools at these universities can play a major role in addressing these skill and educational deficiencies, through the delivery of targeted programs to technology licensing officers and members of the campus community wishing to launch startup firms.

The Competitive Dynamics of Entrepreneurial Market Entry

Research on general market entry usually focuses on large enterprises, often, however, small entrants can alter the competitive dynamic of an industry. This volume brings together the most prominent thought leaders and the best research on the asymmetric entrant-incumbent dynamics. This ideas presented offer a more nuanced perpective on how, when, where and with whar consequence small, single-product firms enter market that are dominated by large, multiproduct and multimarket incumbents. Sholars and student in entrepreneurship, strategy, international business and related fields will find this excellent collection of key published and original material illuminating

ENTREPRENEURS' ATTITUDES, STRATEGY CHOICES, AND FIRM PERFORMANCE

This paper focuses on how attitudes affect entrepreneur’s strategy selection at the organizational level. It also attempts to discover if contingencies exist in this relationship that may account for differences in firm performance. The model developed, based on the existing literature, is tested using a sample of 60 wineries, still operated by their founding entrepreneurs. The results indicate that entrepreneurs used different approaches to impart their values and beliefs to their firms. While we show that this affects the eventual strategy choice, the data indicates that firms can be equally profitable with multiple sets of attitude and strategy combinations.entrepreneurial strategy, beliefs, attitudes, firm performance, emergent strategy, deliberate strategy

The biological perspective in entrepreneurship research

The past decade has experienced a significant increase in the number of papers on the biology of entrepreneurship. This trend is aligned with the general interest in the biology of management studies as evidenced by the more than 300 articles already published (Nofal et al., 2018). It illustrates the progression of science along two dimensions. First is the drive to seek smaller units of analyses to identify the core mechanisms of action. Second is the opposing drive to seek larger units of analyses to identify general principles. These simultaneous processes move our understanding of social and natural phenomena closer to a unified theory. In this note, we reflect on how the biology of why, how, what, when, and where of entrepreneurship represents a natural progression from the institutional, organizational, and psychological explanations. We call this the biological perspective in entrepreneurship (BPE), which is illustrated by the papers in this volume. We examine the key domains of inquiry, various methodologies, and reflect on the directions that future research should take

Evaluation of House Staff Candidates for Program Fit: A Cohort-Based Controlled Study

Background: Medical school academic achievements do not necessarily predict house staff job performance. This study explores a selection mechanism that improves house staff-program fit that enhances the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education Milestones performance ratings. Objective: Traditionally, house staff were selected primarily on medical school academic performance. To improve residency performance outcomes, the Program designed a theory-driven selection tool to assess house staff candidates on their personal values and goals fit with Program values and goals. It was hypothesized cohort performance ratings will improve because of the intervention. Methods: Prospective quasi-experimental cohort design with data from two house staff cohorts at a university-based categorical Internal Medicine Residency Program. The intervention cohort, comprising 45 house staff from 2016 to 2017, was selected using a Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS) tool for program fit. The control cohort, comprising 44 house staff from the prior year, was selected using medical school academic achievement scores. House staff performance was evaluated using ACGME Milestones indicators. The mean scores for each category were compared between the intervention and control cohorts using Student\u27s t-tests with Bonferroni correction and Cohen\u27s d for effect size. Results: The cohorts were no different in academic performance scores at time of Program entry. The intervention cohort outperformed the control cohort on all 6 dimensions of Milestones by end-PGY1 and 3 of 6 dimensions by mid-PGY3. Conclusion: Selecting house staff based on compatibility with Residency Program values and objectives may yield higher job performance because trainees benefit more from a better fit with the training program

Factors That Promote Perceived Usefulness of and Clinical Outcomes From Sign-Outs at the National University Hospital

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY. Currently, there is a paucity of evidence in the literature to show that handoff strategies improve the quality of handoff outcomes. Studies that show the usefulness and outcomes obtained from sign-outs may motivate junior clinicians, who have limited time to perform their clinical responsibilities, to support sign-out improvement efforts. OBJECTIVE. To test a research model that embeds the Technology Acceptance Model and the Theory of Planned Behavior to explore factors that enhance the perceived (a) usefulness of and (b) clinical outcomes from sign-outs among junior medical officers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS. A retrospective study was conducted in the Division of General Medicine in November 2012. 17 residents volunteered to participate in a theoretically validated survey. MEASURES AND ANALYSES. The predictor variables were Perceived Ease of Sign-outs, Perceived Benefits from Sign-outs, Attitudes towards Sign-outs, Social Norms to Sign-out, and Perceived Behavior Control over Sign-outs. Partial Least Squares with bootstrapping to 1000 cases was utilized to analyze the data from a small sample. RESULTS. The results showed that perceived benefits from sign-outs enhanced the perceived usefulness of sign-outs. Perceived ease of sign-outs enhanced attitudes towards sign-outs, which was significantly related to perceptions of positive clinical outcomes from sign-outs. Neither the social pressure to sign-out nor the provision of conditions to facilitate sign-outs had any significant relationships to perceived usefulness of or clinical outcomes derived from sign-outs. CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE. A two-prong approach involving minimal effort and hard evidence from clinical outcomes may be required to motivate adoption of sign-outs by busy residents